Adrenal Cancer

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Causes and Risk Factors

Cancer-causing agents (carcinogens) in the urine may lead to the development of bladder cancer. Cigarette smoking contributes to more than 50% of cases, and smoking cigars or pipes also increases the risk. Other risk factors include the following:

  • Age
  • Chronic bladder inflammation
    • Recurrent urinary tract infections
    • Urinary Calculi (Stones)
  • Dietary factors
    • high-fat diet
  • Exposure to second-hand smoke
  • Pelvic Irradiation
    • External beam radiation
    • Prostatic seed implantation
    • Vaginal intracavitary radiation
  • Family history of bladder cancer
    • Several genetic risk factors have been identified
  • Gender (male)
  • Infection with Schistosoma haematobium
    • Parasite found in many developing countries (EGYPT)
  • Personal history of bladder cancer
  • Race (Caucasian)
  • Treatment with certain drugs
    • Cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide
  • Workplace Exposure to carcinogens
    • Medical workers
      • Preparation, storage, administration, or disposal of antineoplastic drugs (used in chemotherapy).
    • Occupational risk factors include recurrent and early exposure to hair dye, and exposure to dye containing aniline, a chemical used in medical and industrial dyes
    • Cytotoxic agents
      • Aromatic amines, aflatoxins, benzidine, N-nitroso compounds, 2-napphthylamine, 4-aminobiphenyl